These calculations are done using incoming data that is input to the Material from a variety of images (textures) and math expressions, as well as from various property settings inherent to the Material itself. In more technical terms, when light from the scene hits the surface, a Material is used to calculate how that light interacts with that surface. You can define its color, how shiny it is, whether you can see through the object, and much more. But even that can be a little misleading, since a Material literally defines the type of surface from which your object appears to be made. At a high level, it is probably easiest to think of a Material as the "paint" that is applied to an object. A Material is an asset that can be applied to a mesh to control the visual look of the scene.
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